Prognostic importance of C-KIT mutations in core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia: a systematic review

Acute myeloid leukemia [AML] is defined as leukemic blast reproduction in bone marrow. Chromosomal abnormalities form different subgroups with joint clinical specifications and results. t[8;21][q22;q22] and inv[16][p13;q22] form core binding factor- AML [CBF-AML]. c-kit mutation activation occurs in 12.8-46.1% of adults with CBF leukemia. These mutations occur in 20-25% of t[8;21] and 30% of inv[16] cases

Methods: In this systematic review, we searched different databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. Selected articles were measured based on the inclusion criteria of this study and initially compared in terms of titles or abstracts. Finally, articles relevant to the subject of this review were retrieved in full text. Twenty-two articles matched the inclusion criteria and were selected for this review

Results: In this study, c-kit mutations were associated with poor prognosis in AML patients with t[8;21] and inv[16]. In addition, these mutations had better prognostic effects on AML patients with inv[16] compared with those with t[8;21]

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, c-kit mutations have intense, harmful effects on the relapse and white blood cell increase in CBF-AML adults. However, these mutations have no significant prognostic effects on patients

Assesment of FLT3-gene mutations among children with acute leukemia

FLT3-gene mutations cause leukemic cells to proliferate uncontrollably and leads to a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to explore appropriate at diagnostic molecular tests and to screen mutations that occur in patients with acute leukemia. In this basic study, 91 children with acute myeloid leukemia [AML] and acute lymphoid leukemia [ALL] were investigated for FLT3-gene mutations, including ITD mutation [Internal Tandem Duplication] and the point mutation that is coded by exon 17. ITD mutation in FLT3 receptor was analyzed by PCR [Polymerase chain reaction] in 11, 12 exons and 11 intron using designed primers. For analysis of point mutation of Exon 17 in FLT3 receptor gene, the genomic DNA of patient was amplified using the PCR. Resulted PCR products were studied by ECORV enzyme and restriction length polymorphism [RFLP]. In cases of positive ITD, the sequencing method was applied. Of 91 acute leukemia patients, ITD mutation was observed in 7 cases. Two of 91 patients had point mutation of D835. Distribution of ITD and point mutation of D835 mutation was not identical in FAB subtypes. FLT3-gene mutations are prevalent mutation in children with acute leukemia. So, it can be decided about the treatment after molecular diagnosis of this mutaions, independent of FAB classification and before the treatment get started

Studying innovation piracy causes for representing legal and executive solutions

This article has two main sections. In the first section, we define intellectual property and represent brief history of this matter in Iran and the world. In the second section that is the essential section of this article, the causes and factors of infringement of intellectual property rights in Iran have been discussed. The reasons of infringement divided into six main causes and under each cause the subsidiary factors that stem from it was discussed. In this section we discussed following main topics: The lack of a culture valuing the intellectual property in society, non dominance of research-based culture, governmental and political reasons, the lack of proper provisions and weakness of judiciary system, the lack of comprehensive system of research information, the lack of protective institutions and private collective management and religious and jurisprudential context and finally economic reasons